The paper discusses the limitations of the simple distinction between demographic diffusion (colonization by immigrants) and indigenous adoption in explaining observed evidence. The extent to which the Neolithic of East Timor and Flores is linked to the southwards spread is currently unclear. There is limited data available, with just a single date reported from Flores and an estimated date for the inception of the Neolithic in East Timor at around 3500 BP. Some samples have been marked as unlikely to reflect true calendrical age. The paper mentions the adoption of the earth oven as a major cooking technique in the Pacific region, possibly originating in northern Maluku. It also discusses the linguistic origins of the Lapita culture and the Island Southeast Asian Neolithic, which are believed to be in Taiwan.